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I. Definition
Reproductive structure problem is defined as inability of an organ to perform it's normal function due to damage or abnormal appearance caused by scar, adhesion or tumour attaching to the organ. Normally, these types of problem can be corrected by surgery.
II. Types of female reproductive structure problem
1) Congenital uterine abnormalities
Congenital uterine abnormalities is a result of abnormal uterus and tube which are developed in the embryo stage.
a) Septate uterus
In the septate uterus, there is a wall, septum membrane dividing the top of the uterus. Since the uterus is divided, it has little room for the fetus to develop and grow, leading to miscarriage or premature birth.
Metroplasty is type of surgery normally used to correct a septate uterus. Through laparoscopic surgery, the septum that divides the uterus is removed, thereby reshaping the uterus to it's normal appearance, and allowing extra room for the fetus to growing.
b) Unicornuate uterus
Unicornuate uterus is a condition of which the uterus is one side and smaller than usual. It is possible for women with unicornuate uterus to get pregnant and give birth to a healthy baby. Most cases of unicornuate uterus are never diagnosed and only 1 in 500 women are born with this kind of abnormality.
c) Bicornuate uterus
Bicornuate uterus is a condition of which a woman is born with 2 separate uterine cavity, each of them is connected to fallopian separately.
Since a woman with bicornuate uterus still can get pregnant and give birth to a premature baby, many of them can bypass the lapraoscopic surgery. If the problem is serious then her doctor may suggest metroplasty which is one form of surgery helped to join the two uterine halves.
d) Didelphic uterus
An abnormal formation of the uterus during the embryo stage resulting in 2 cervix with 2 smaller uterus and sometime 2 vagina on top of the vagina canal. A woman with didelphic uterus may not need surgery because she can still get pregnant and give birth to a premature baby, it is advised that she should work closely with her doctor during pregnancy to watch for signs of pre-term labour or other risks to the baby.
2) Tubal damage or adhesion
Tube damage or adhesion is normally caused by fluid builded up in the fallopian tube or scar tissues thus, preventing the egg to enter the fallopian tube for fertilization.
These types of structure problem can be corrected through surgery. It is performed through a small incision through the navel by a laparoscopy or in the lower abdomen by a laparotomy.
a) Tubal reanastomosis
It helps to repair the tube damaged by scar tissue and reverse tubal ligation.
b) Salpingostomy
It is used when the end of fallopian tube is blocked up by fluid buildup.
c) Fimbrioplasty
the operation is used when the fringe end of fallopian is blocked.
3) Asherman's syndrome
Asherman's syndrome is a condition in which scar tissues join one part of the uterus wall to the another. In some case, it may completely covered the uterine cavity. It is caused by abortion, fibroid surgery or endometrial infection. Normally, your doctor will perform a surgery by hysteroscopy, that helps to remove adhesions or scar tissues within the uterine cavity.
4. Fibroids
a) Types of fibroids
Fibroids are smooth benign tumor composed of fibrous and muscular, same as the uterus which adhere to either the outer or inner uterine wall, including
i) Subserous fibroids
It grows in the outer wall of the uterus and causes the uterus to grow, sometimes to 7 months of pregnancy, leading to abnormal bloating, pain during sex and in the back.
ii) Submucosal fibroids
It grows inside the uterine cavity, leading to abnormal severe cramps.
iii) Intramural fibroids
It is grows inside the uterine wall either toward outside like subserous fibroids or toward inside like subnucosal fibroids
iv) Pedunculated fibroids
This type of fibroids attach to the uterus by a stalk, and sometimes they are mistaken as ovarian
tumors, causing pelvic cramping or pain during periods.
b) Types of surgery
Normally, if the fibroid does not interferes with the women ability to conceive, it will be left alone. Otherwise, your doctor may suggest some types of surgery, including
i) Myomectomy
Myomectomy is the medical operation used to remove only the fibroids. it normally is done through an incision in the lower abdomen by a laparoscopy.
ii) Crymyolysis
the procedure destroy the fibroid by using a probelike instrument to freeze the fibroids interior.
iii) Electromyolysis
The medical procedure destroy the fibroids via electrical current.
iv) Laser myolysis
Laser beams are directed into the core of the fibroids and destroy them.
v) Uterine artery embolization
The procedure is used to block the blood flow to the fibroids. Since fibroids require nutrients to grow, blocking the blood flow causes them to shrink.
vi) Hysteroscopic resection
In this procedure, medical instrument resectoscopy insert through vagina into the uterus, where the resectoscopy is used to shave off the fibroids from the uterine wall.
vii) Endometrial ablation or resection
The technique is used to destroy the uterine lining, thereby starving the fibroids to death.
viii) Supra-cervical hysterectomy
The surgery involve removing only pert of uterus containing the fibroids.
e) Ednometriosis
The causes of endometriosis is still unknown. It is caused by endometrial cell growing somewhere else instead of the endometrium. Normally, it does not travel far then the abdominal cavity. If endometrial implant and adhesion attached to the reproductive organs, it may causes blockage or interferes with normal function of reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tube and uterus. If the endometrial implants and adhesion do not interfere with fertility and serve symptoms, many doctors may try to control them by medication, instead of surgery. If you would like more information about types of surgery, please refer to some previous articles.
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I hope this information will help you understanding more of the causes of infertility in women and men, if you need more information, please visit
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